Electromagnetic Leakage Attacks - EXF-0002.02

Switching activity in chips, buses, and clocks radiates EM energy that can be captured and analyzed to reveal internal computation. Near-field probes (in test) or proximity receivers (on-orbit assets) can observe harmonics and modulation tied to cipher rounds, key schedules, or protocol framing, sometimes with finer granularity than power analysis. Coupling paths include packages, harnesses, SDR front ends, and poorly shielded enclosures. By training on known operations and comparing spectra or time-domain signatures, an adversary can recover keys or reconstruct processed data without touching logical interfaces.